“Whatdoyoucalltraditionalmedicinethatworks?”“Medicine.”Thisoldjokecontainsmorethanamilligramoftruth.When,forexample,TuYouyou,aChinesechemist,begantestingthesweetwormwoodusedinlocalherbalremediesasacureformalaria,herisolationofartemisininsavedmillionsoflivesandearnedhertheNobelprizeformedicinein.
“你如何称呼有疗效的传统药物?”“药。”这个老掉牙的笑话只有一点点事实根据。例如,中国药学家屠呦呦用当地草药中的青蒿做实验治疗疟疾,她分离出的青蒿素挽救了数百万人的生命,也为她赢得了年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
Butnoteveryfolkcureissocloselyexamined—noriseverycondition.Over1.7bnpeople,mostlivingintheworld’spoorestcountries,areaffectedbyagroupof20illnessesknownasNeglectedTropicalDiseases(NTDs).Theseoftenleadtodisabilityandplaceaheavyburdenonhealth-caresystemsbadlyequippedtodealwiththem.
但并非每种民间药物都能得到如此细致的研究——对于每种疾病而言亦如此。超过17亿人(大多生活在世界上最贫穷的国家)受到称为“被忽视热带病”的20种疾病困扰。这些病会导致残疾,并给不能很好应对的医疗保健系统带来沉重负担。
Theyarereferredtoas“neglected”forareason.Astudypublishedin,inInternationalHealth,estimatedthattheyreceivedonly0.6%ofthemoneygivenbyrichcountriestopooronesforhealthpurposes.Thingshavenotimprovedsincethen.ArecentreportbyPolicyCuresResearch,aninternationalthink-tank,estimatesthecashavailablefortreatingNTDshasbeenflatforadecade,withlessallocatedtoallofthemcollectivelythaneithermalariaortuberculosisreceivesalone.
这些疾病被称为“被忽视热带病”是有原因的。年在《国际健康》杂志上发表的一项研究估计,富裕国家给贫穷国家用于健康的捐款中,仅有0.6%用于治疗这些疾病。从那时起,情况并没有改观。国际智库“政策治疗研究”最近的一份报告估计,近十年来用于治疗“被忽视热带病”的资金一直没有增加,拨给所有这些疾病的资金总和比单单治疗疟疾或肺结核的都要少。
Thislackofresourceshasconsequences.InGhana,thoughestimatedratesoflymphaticfilariasis(alsoknownaselephantiasis)droppedby88%betweenand,thoseofschistosomiasis(alsoknownasbilharzia)andonchocerciasis(alsoknownasriverblindness)roseby39%and81%respectively.However,DorcasOsei-SafooftheUniversityofGhanahasaplantofightback.Herbalmedicineisimportantinthecountry.Indeed,itsFoodandDrugsAuthorityhasalreadyapprovedseveralherbalremediesforuseagainstdiseasesincludingmalaria.Sheintendstobuildonthisapproach.
资金不足已酿成苦果。在加纳,虽然年到年间淋巴丝虫病(也称“象皮病”)的患病率预计下降了88%,但血吸虫病(也称“裂体吸虫病”)和盘尾丝虫病(也称“河盲症”)的患病率分别上升了39%和81%。不过,加纳大学的DorcasOsei-Safo已经有了应对计划。草药在该国占有重要地位。事实上,加纳食品药品管理局已经批准了多种草药用以治疗疟疾等疾病。Dorcas打算以草药为基础进行治疗。
Todoso,sheandherteamfirstcontactedseveralpractitionersoftraditionalmedicineandobtainedsamplesof15treatmentsemployedagainstarangeofNTDs.Someweremixturesofdriedherbs,otherswateryconcoctions.Hergoalwastotesttheireffectivenessagainstlaboratoryculturesofavarietyofdisease-causingparasites,withtheaimofisolatinganyactiveprinciplestheymightcontain.
为此,Dorcas和她的团队首先联系了多名传统医学的从业人员,并获得了15种治疗“被忽视热带病”的药物样品。一些是干草混合物,另一些是含水调制品。Dorcas的目标是测试这些药品能否有效杀死实验室里培养的多种致病寄生虫,并旨在分离出药品中包含的任何有效成分。
Nearlyallthesampleshadsomeeffectagainstoneormoreparasites.Butonestoodoutinparticularwhenusedagainstthetrypanosomesthatcausesleepingsickness.ThiswasadriedmixofAloevera,ashort-stemmedsucculent,andTaraxacumofficinale,the